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One of the main problems for Aristotle’s view of an immobile earth is that of planetary retrogression. Within the ‘Two Sphere Universe’ view, the approximation is that the aether sphere is perfect in matter and in motion.

Aether is said to have a uniform movement and does not deviate from its natural motion. Aristotle’s other theories of violent and constrained motion (his rudimentary physics), rely on this view of aether being perfect. Historically, his view was widely held creditable by the astronomical community at the time. Within this aether substance, were stars that were fixed points of pure aether, and moving stars which we now know as the planets. (more…)

“Pearl Harbor vividly evokes an era of American innocence and the explosive moment that abruptly ended it”(calendar live 1). America had just worked its way out of the great depression and there was a mood of cautious and innocent optimism, which was somewhat, tethered by war in Europe. However on December 7th 1941 was the day innocence died and began an era of patriotism, which has yet to be equaled. President Roosevelt stated, “December 7th 1941-a date that will live in infamy”(Pearl Harbor the Movie and the Moment). The movie Pearl Harbor directed by Michael Bay and produced by Jerry Bruckheimer & Michael Bay accurately depicts the historical facts of World War II as well as the mind set before and after the attack at Pearl Harbor. (more…)

Gene therapy is an innovative method of treating diseases by changing the makeup of an individual’s genes toward a beneficial end. Gene therapy is most often looked at as a way to cure debilitating and deadly diseases but it also has the possibility of preventing disease in the first place. There is promise with each day and each new discovery as more successful evidence is found. Nonetheless, gene therapy remains a very tentative science whose possibilities are still yet to be fully realized.

You know how you always wanted to blame your parents for your mistakes? Well now you can. Your entire structure is made up of your parent’s chromosomes, XX if you’re a girl and XY if you’re a boy. (more…)

Psychology has existed for an extensive period of time in human history. New psychological approaches are put forth in response to changing social situations and dissatisfaction with previous theoretical explanations. As a result, each “system” of psychology has different objectives and differing perspectives on what is fact or fiction. Therefore, the utilization of differing research methods, techniques and goals defines what each system views as the truth. This will be examined through the examples of Behaviorism and Psychoanalysis, two divergent systems of psychology. (more…)

The term “human resource management” has come into popular usage in recent years. It is widely accepted in the workplace, and sums up the current state of play with regard to the management of people with the current emphasis on links to business strategy and on the fact that human resources are as important as any other resource and need to be managed carefully. One of the main underlying themes in the philosophy of HRM is that human resource needs must be taken into account in getting everyone to meet organisational objectives, and that this will be to the advantage of everyone concerned. Hence people are important whether they are full- or part- time employees, permanent or temporary, or contract workers who are actually employed by another company. (more…)

Nature versus nurture, this statement causes quite a controversy, whether inherited genes or the environment influences and effects development of personality (our behavior, intelligence, and ability). Social scientists have struggled with this issue for centuries, whether our development is born (nature) or made (nurture). Some believe that it is strictly our genes; others believe it is the environment, and still others believe it is based on both, our genes and the environment. Either way, the debate continues on and will for centuries to come. There is still no clear conclusion to this debate and probably never will.

The nature side of this debate argues that a person development is based on what they are born with genetically. It is apparent that genes provide humans with their own physical equipment, our beginnings. (more…)

Mitochondria are unique organelles found in nearly all eukaryotic cells. They “are the sites of cellular respiration, the catabolic process that generates ATP by extracting energy from sugars, fats and other fuels with the help of oxygen (Campbell and Reese 124). Thus, mitochondria are essential to the vitality of a cell as they provide the cell with energy. Unlike most organelles, mitochondria have a double membrane and possess their own DNA and ribosomes.

The structure of mitochondria is similar to that of bacteria and is generally inclusive of mitochondria in all plant, animal and lower eukaryotic cells. Mitochondria are oval in shape, and about 1-10µm long and have both and an outer and an inner membrane. (more…)

The Hebrew Bible version of Genesis is a philosophical document chronicling God’s need to always test Man’s obedience and the consequences of His disappointment with Man’s personal decisions. Man’s relationship with nature in this text is portrayed through his relationship with God wherein the acts, demands and covenants made by Him are what shape the natural world for Man. Therefore, God uses nature as a tool to make Man understand and choose “good”, which is the reason He creates Man in the first place. Forces of nature and forces of God in the Hebrew Bible are both synonymous in the sense that they are both beyond Man’s control. (more…)

Though it is said that there is no real agreed definition for astrobiology, as I see it, the universal meaning can be defined as the part of biology with a primary interest in studying life in the Universe. This includes the origin and evolution of life in outer space and on Earth.

Astrobiology is a compilation of an array of scientific disciplines which includes biology, astronomy, technology, and ecology. Planetary biology, the study of “human spaceflight and how life first came into existence” and exobiology, “the study of other planets both in our Solar System and those orbiting around other stars” are probably the most recognized of these of disciplines. (more…)

The Ruritania case unveils the making of, not one, but a few very important laws which are linked by one common thread: same sex couples within an ever-changing society. The first premise is that since each decision in law (custom, jurisprudence and edict) affects the next law, timing is the key to dissecting whether or not there were failures to make the law.

Additionally, legal acceptance of same-sex couples is a very volatile topic, which has brought about a plethora of public opinion and endured many changes. Examining this case in a chronological manner will help yield the most accurate interpretation of the laws at hand. The modus operendi used in analysis has led to the conclusion that there may have been a failure to make law. However, this is embedded within a framework where many laws adhered to the principles and rules of law making. It is important to briefly outline what was done correctly in order to have a basis of comparison to decide what may have been done wrong. (more…)