Fitzgerald uses Gatsby’s character as a starting point to develop the irony readers can pick up about he and the American dream. Gatsby at the start is thought to be a wealthy and respected man. This is followed by the truth about him and the succeeding events that make the reader realize that Gatsby is wealthy but not actually happy. The foundation of the American dream is known to be wealth, happiness and freedom. By the American constitution every citizen is unrestricted to this. An irony of this is that Gatsby has always had two of these principles but never the third one to make him truly complete and happy. Gatsby believes Daisy is his third principle. Yet he has no idea how much trouble she brings him. (Freeman p. 200)

Many critics view Gatsby as the personification of the American dream. He is noble, courageous, and a self made man. However he is naпve in believing that hard work and perseverance is all you need to accomplish what you want. No matter how hard Gatsby tries he can never truthfully enter the world of upper class. This connects to one of Plato’s analysis. Plato believed the working class had a soul of bronze and that nobility had a soul of gold. No matter how hard any one tried no one could ever move to another class. Even though Gatsby has achieved fortune he can never see himself as Tom who inherited his wealth. No matter how hard he tried, some people would view him as a failure because he had to work to get where he was. Unlike Tom, who was born rich. (Gallo p. 35)

Gatsby has an immense attachment to the past. He believes he can change it. Gatsby is trying to imitate the so-called old style nobility, which supposedly had everything people wanted. By Gatsby attempting to get Daisy back he strives to have everything he wants. He wanted wealth and now he has it. Gatsby’s dream now is Daisy, he believes he can get her back. He has no idea how much the present has changed from the past. Gatsby does not realize the modifications that have occurred on Daisy and her life. He still believes that Daisy is still the same person, as he knew her. By doing this he leaves himself open for failure and shows himself to be naпve. (Berman p. 202)

Gatsby is outwardly an ideal candidate for the American dream. At the time he would was considered a true gentleman suitable to his supposed upbringing and wealth. He started from nothing but persistently struggled to improve himself. This can be a key issue as why Gatsby is the portrayer of the American dream. Many people believe that they can become some one important from being a no body. Acquiring wealth and happiness is mostly the goal of people. This idea is the American dream. Gatsby attained this but he still was not content. He need it another piece of the puzzle for his dream to be fulfilled. Many individuals would have seen Gatsby’s life as it was without Daisy to be complete. Yet Gatsby believed for his dream to be satisfied it required Daisy. (Persosa p. 205)

In the case of The Great Gatsby, the greatness of the protagonist is emphasized by the sympathy and the love that the narrator, Nick gives Gatsby. It is thanks to his emotional reactions that Gatsby attains an almost fabulous dimension as a character. Nick’s view of Gatsby is important as he is the narrator. He appears to be one of the few characters in the novel that actually likes and respects Gatsby as a person and not for what the wealth he has. Some critics believed that maybe Fitzgerald designed Nick’s view of Gatsby in such a way that he is mocking American dream. (Elbe p. 110)

Beneath Gatsby’s flash exterior, he has a very different personality. He is timid and lonely which are the main reasons he holds extravagant parties to hide in. It is an exceptional use of dramatic irony to show that Gatsby is an unhappy wealthy man. These factors aren’t really the reason that Gatsby fails to achieve his dreams. The more important features of Gatsby’s failure are his naivety, loyalty, Tom, and Daisy. (Pasos p.194)

His wealth and loyalty are two traits that accelerated his failure. To begin with, his great wealth cut him off from society. He was different from the average person because of the money he had. Although he held these parties he was never a part of them because of his loyalty and love regarding Daisy. Most of his guests during his parties never even met Gatsby. Gatsby is so fascinated by Daisy that he can even remember the date that they last met as he said, “five years in November.” Like he has been counting down to the day they would once again meet. This could also been seen as irony because it is frequently the women who remember such things and the men who forget. (Pasos p. 195)

Gatsby lived for and breathed for the American dream and some critics say that when he lost Daisy he was essentially a lonely man waiting to die. But would he have recovered from this disappointment like he did during the war. We will never know because of his unnecessary death. He’s whole setback is full of irony. Perhaps if Tom had not taken Gatsby’s car to he enhance his image, Myrtle would not have run towards the car. The accident itself may still have happened but Gatsby would not have been involved and he might have won the girl and completed his dream after all. Gatsby and Myrtle are quite similar. They both wished to gain happiness and power through marriage with people they thought they loved. Even though their love appears in different forms. It is their desire to be with Daisy and Tom that leads to both their deaths. It is ironic that it can be said that Tom caused Myrtle death while Daisy instigated Gatsby death. The two people they loved and that might have completed their American dream. (Berman and Gallo)

The Great Gatsby shows us that money cannot buy used happiness. No matter how much you want something if it is not meant to be then it will not be. In the case of Jay Gatsby, he supposedly had everything you could ever want, except for the girl. It seemed that he had found her and completed his ambition. But instead of completing his life she actually destroyed it. What appeared like it was love for him was actual love for what he had. It looked like Gatsby had attained the American dream but it was just mirage for his actual failure caused by his desired of attaining his dream. Gatsby had the American dream until he decided to go for Daisy. The irony is that the person he thought would make his dream come true actually put an end to this dream and any of his future dreams. He’s own feelings caused his eventual failure.

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Throughout history news mediums have attempted to properly discuss and educate the world on Black culture and Black history, however, these mediums have failed miserably. Not only do most news mediums erroneously portray Blacks as being unintelligent, lazy, chicken-eaters, they also only scratch the surface of the rich culture that constitutes not only Black history, but American history.

Blacks should be recognized not only as the engineers and designers of the United States, through their blood, sweat and tears during slavery, but also the inventors of modern day society with the plethora of Black inventions. Had it not been for slavery and the inventions of Blacks, the United States, as we know it today, would not be the same, or even worse, not exist. What is even more astounding, is that most people do not know that Blacks have had any part in shaping the United States, nor can they imagine, or possibly live life, without Black inventions, such as: the fire extinguisher by Tom J. Marshal, the improved refrigerator by John Standard, the heating furnace by Alice H. Parker, or the electric elevator by Alexander Miles.

News mediums such as Ebony Magazine, Jet Magazine, BET, The Chicago Defender, Blackplanet.com, Blackvoices.com and various other Black radio stations have aided in the strive for public knowledge of Black history and culture. They do this by not limiting Black history to the month of February, not limiting the people who contributed to Black history to just Martin Luther King Jr. and Malcolm X, and by involving Blacks who appeal to the younger generation such as music artists and athletes in conveying the message of Black culture.

As a child growing up in the predominantly white public school system, I was exposed to many fallacies about Black history and culture. For years I thought that Martin Luther King Jr. and Malcolm X were the only ones who made a difference in Black history. If anyone were to ask me about either of the two I could recite one of their speeches, give a detailed description of their lives, and even provide photos and a 3 page paper, but let them ask me who Alice Parker was or who invented the apparatus for transmissions of messages by electricity, and I would have no other choice but to give them a look of confusion. It was not until I was in my latter years in high school that I began researching other Blacks, and their accomplishments, and also realizing the true significance and importance of the Black experience. Apparently, other Blacks felt the same way, which is why there are so many news mediums today.

BET, or Black Entertainment Television, is a prime example of such a medium. Not only is it a station for Black people, but it is also a station owned and founded by Black people. It has shows that appeal to the younger generation, such as 106th and Park, Rap City and How I’m Living, as well as shows that appeal to the older generation, such as: BET Nightly News, Soul Food, and BET Jazz, just to name a few. Incorporated within all of the shows and even during commercial breaks are messages concerning the AIDS epidemic, which is plaguing the Black community, the war on Iraq and updates on famous Blacks who are making a difference. Whatever your interests are, BET has a show about it.

Black news mediums are essential in accurately portraying the Black community as well as keeping, not only Blacks, but the whole world informed on issues in the community and around the world. Without these mediums Blacks would still be perceived in a negative light because their contributions and achievements would be overlooked or briefly discussed.

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The ephedrine alkaloids in ephedrine act as a mild stimulant, with effects similar to caffeine. Ephedrine products can enhance energy and, when used with a healthy diet, they can lead to weight loss. Obesity is a major problem in the United States today. More and more people are overweight. The Surgeon General reports that obesity is higher then ever in adults as well as children. Ephedrine is also used as medicine against asthma, allergies, and hay fever. If ephedrine products can help these problems then it should be legal. However, recent studies show that many people are seriously injured by the use of ephedrine. Before 1994 ephedrine suppliers could make wide ranging health claims about the product that have no scientific basis. Nor is their any mention of the potential for dangerous side effects. Now the FDA has authority to stop distribution of unsafe dietary supplements. But is the FDA moving fast enough? If dietary supplements are being regulated then more people will think they are safe. If people who are using the product feel good and start to lose weight, then they will continue to use the product or use more of the product.

I do not think that ephedrine should be illegal. If people want to use the drug there will still be ways to get it and misuse it. For example, marijuana is illegal and people know it is illegal, but they can still get it anywhere. And because it is illegal it is more fun to use and abuse. Making ephedrine illegal may not increase the problem, but I do not think it will help stop ephedrine misuse. If it is taken off store shelves, people will still find ways to get it. I think that ephedrine should have more regulations on it. Instead of being able to walk into a store and pick it up, it should be behind a pharmacy counter. This would reduce the chance of minors being able to obtain ephedrine. Another way to decrease the misuse of ephedrine is to only allow ephedrine to be obtained by a doctor’s prescription. Ephedrine is not for everyone, so if a doctor determines that your body can not handle the effects of ephedrine, then you can not obtain it. The dangers of ephedrine are becoming clearer to everyone in the world. I think people need to be more educated on the effects and possible dangers ephedrine can have. This way if people know what could happen to them, then they will be less likely to use the drug.

In summary, ephedrine is a dangerous drug that needs to have more regulation on its availability and use. People need to know that ephedrine is not for everyone and can have stronger effects on different people. The use of ephedrine is increasing and so is the death rate, so the regulations on ephedrine today are obviously not working. Ephedrine use can be decreased by placing a few more regulations on it.

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Honey bees use nectar to make honey. Nectar comes from many of the flowers you see outside. It is made up of eighty percent water with some complex sugars. Most flower nectars are similar to sugar water and made up of a mixture between sucrose and water. In North America honey bees will collect nectar from common flowers such as clovers, dandelions, berry bushes and fruit tree blossoms. In order to collect the nectar the bees will travel up to one and one half miles in all directions. When they get to the flowers they use their long, tubelike tounges like straws to suck the nectar out of flowers and they store it in their “honey stomachs”. Their honey stomachs will hold up to seventy miligrams of nectar. The bees will visit 100-1500 flowers to get this amount of nectar. Gathering the nectar is the first step in making honey.

Enzymes in a bees stomach and mouth are an important to honey bees. The enzymes convert the complex surcoses stored in the stomach into two simple six-carbon sugars, glucose and fructose. A small amount of the glucose is attacked by a second enzyme, glucose oxidase, and converted into gluconic acid and hydrogen peroxide. The gluconic acid makes honey an acid medium with with a low p.H. that can not be attacked by bacteria and is easier for the bees to digest. The hydrogen peroxide gives the honey short-range protection against bacteria also. After the sugar is broken down by the enzymes, there is only one step left until you have honey.

The physical change of evaporation completes the process. Evaporation involves the removal of moisture and water. The is usually accomplished by placing small droplets on the upper side of cells in the comb. The bees let the nectar set there untill enough water has been evaporated to make it a thick syrup. To speed up this process the bees will generally fan their wings to increase body temperature and air movement to carry away excess moisture. Once the bees are satisfied with the consistancy of the liquid, it is then sealed into the honey comb. Finally, the honey making process is ended.

The process of making honey is not as simple as it may have seemed. There are very important steps involved before there is a finished product. The bees travel long distances to gather the nectar, the enzymes in their stomachs break down the sugars, and evaporation takes out the water. Once the process is completed you are left with something you may find quite tasty.

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The theory of creation is based on the events in the book of Genesis in the Bible. The theory surrounds the belief that God is the creator of everything in the world. There is also the belief that God created the world in six days. According to the book of Genesis man was created out of dust (Gen. 2:7) and woman was created from man by one of his ribs (Gen. 2:21-23). According to creationists, the Bible is an absolute truth and therefore they use that as a justification for what they believe in. Three pieces of evidence that are used by creationists are: 1) The Grand Canyon- Creationists see the Grand Canyon as a site of mass erosion so therefore they believe that Noah’s worldwide Flood (Gen. 6-9) was the cause of it. 2) Fossil Evidence- Creationists believe, again, that Noah’s Flood is what formed the fossils. According to the deluge fossil formation theory, the currents of the water slowed down or changed course which could deposit the sediments and fossils carried by the water. The sedimentation accounted for the layers of sedimentary rock which contain most of the fossils and compose most of the topography. 3) Molecular Biology- Creationists use molecular biology not only as evidence but as an advantage to proving evolutionists wrong. Molecular biology does not support evolution because such complex systems (namely cells) cannot arise in the gradual piece-by-piece process required by evolution. So, as evidence, this could be used to prove that there is a God who created these things.

The theory of evolution is based on Charles Darwin’s theory of natural selection. Darwin formulated this theory on his voyage on the H.M.S. Beagle in the Galapagos Islands. He saw that there were birds that reminded him of finches in England and they normally eat seeds. But when he saw them, some ate seeds and others ate the fleshy parts of cacti. One group used the spine of a cactus to get insects that were inside the cacti. Darwin believed that all these different types of finches were descended from a few finches which had migrated to South America, probably during a storm, and then had evolved to adapt to their new conditions. Darwin used these observations to support his theory of natural selection which is Darwin’s theory that only those organisms containing the best variations can survive and reproduce in a given environment. Evolutionists believe that no meaning of life exists and that there is no afterlife or God. One of the basic ideas is evolution by descent or that beings evolve from common ancestors. Three pieces of evidence that evolutionists use are: 1) Fossil evidence- According to how the fossils are placed in rock layers, the youngest fossils are on top and the oldest are on the bottom. Not only do scientists have to see how they are placed, but they also have to date the fossils using Carbon-14 and the dates they give are supposed to show how old the fossil is. 2) Genetic Variation- Modern evolutionists believe that genetic variation is caused by sexual reproduction and mutations. Mutations can be good or bad, but a small percentage can provide adaptations to the environment of an organism. 3) The Grand Canyon- What evolutionists believe about the grand canyon is that it was formed by seismic disturbance after the Rocky Mountains had formed.

I support creationism because if the events of the Bible are not true, then we have no history as humans. The Bible is historic evidence for everything such as Egypt’s rule over Israel and the Babylonian Captivity. One thing that evolutionists believe about the radioactive dating is that they give dates as to how old they are. But, how do we know whether the data is very reliable? Some of the radioactive substances give big results for dates such as 1 billion years because the half-lives of the radioactive materials are so big. Another thing that proves creation is evidence of a worldwide flood. The Grand Canyon is evidence of massive erosion so it could be possible that water could have made it. Also evidence of Noah’s Ark was found near Mount Ararat in Turkey, so most likely it did happen. Evolutionists believe in genetic variation and mutations. Variation has nothing to do with being able to create something in the first place. You cannot have variation without creation occuring first. Too much genetic mutations can kill an organism after so many years of it, so that is another way evolution may not have occurred. The Bible is an absolute truth, I believe, and its truth is mostly revealed today with all the archaeological and anthropological findings like Egyptian heiroglyphics giving a history of their people. Creation is in the Bible, so it must be true.

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The Relationship Effect of Alcohol on Speech Anxiety
Social phobia is defined in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-IV) as a “marked and persistent fear of one or more social or performance situations in which the person is exposed to unfamiliar people or to possible scrutiny by others” (American Psychiatric Association, 1994).

Beazley, Glass, Chambless, and Arnkoff (2001) indicated that those with social phobia are not a uniform diagnostic group but that for some, their fears are more generalized as with others their anxiety or fear is more narrowed to a specific situation (e.g. public speaking or speech anxiety). Narrowing down the classifications helps in the determination of situational anxiety. Hoffmann and DiBartolo (2000) report that public speaking is the most commonly reported fearful social situation and Beazley et al. report that speech anxiety appears to affect persons across all ethnic, racial, socio-economic, and gender lines.

Hudson and Rapee (2000) discussed that there are many factors that lend themselves to social phobia including environmental, genetic, family, and developmental factors. These factors may all be interrelated but all point to a deep level of cognitive impairment. In focusing on speech anxiety specifically, Ayers, Hopf and Peterson (2000) noted that there are three ways that the interventions to reduce the level of anxiety with public speaking could be classified. The interventions could focus on cognition, affect, or behavior.

In the area of cognitive thoughts of anxiety, Beazley et al. reported that individuals with social phobia tend to report more negative and fewer positive thoughts than do those with other anxiety disorders. The current study is designed to investigate further the relationship between thoughts and public speaking anxiety. Specially, the question of how thoughts are related to impairment in functioning will be the main focus of inquiry.

A commonly employed method of self-treating anxiety is the use of alcohol in numbing or reducing the perceived level of anxiety. This technique is used to reduce the cognitive negative thoughts perceived by the individual. Sayette, Martin, Perrott, Wertz, and Hufford (2001) report that the importance of timing of alcohol consumption is important to the effects of the reduction of stress and/or anxiety.

As reported by Himle, Abelson, Haghightgou, Hill, Neese, and Curtis (1999) alcohol and anxiety disorders are intimately associated. This association can be tied to the higher rates of alcoholism among those with anxiety disorders. Studies continue to investigate the question of whether alcoholism develops as a means of coping with the anxiety disorder, or if the anxiety disorder is prevalent due to the alcoholism. Opt and Loffredo (2000) report that the anxiety disorder is tied to the personality type prevalent in the individual.

The situational anxiety as manifested in speech anxiety does show the development and presence of these self-perceived negative cognitions. As the individual believes the automatic negative thoughts created out of the perceptions of past experiences then the perceived numbing of the negative cognitive thoughts would be believed to aid in the reduction of the anxiety.

As many individuals use alcohol as a way of numbing or reducing the impact of negative cognitive thoughts it lends to the hypotheses that speech anxiety would be diminished with just the perception of alcohol use. To test this idea, two groups of subjects will be told that their breath alcohol level is either .08 or .01 just before giving an impromptu public speech.

It is expected that the level of anxiety will be lower in the subjects who were told of the higher breath alcohol content than those subjects told of lower breath alcohol contents. It is expected that this effect will be evident regardless of the actual consumption of alcohol or non-alcoholic beverages.

Method
Participants
Participants were forty (40) subjects recruited from a pool from the University Anxiety Treatment Program. Volunteer subjects were required to sign an informed consent after a thorough description of the study was given to the participants. Participants were then told that they would consume a small amount of alcohol during the study. Subjects were then asked to verify their age to insure that they were over 21 years of age and then were pre-screened for ethical considerations regarding opposition to alcohol consumption, or any history of alcohol related problems in immediate family.
Participants were scheduled for and given a date and instructed to abstain from drinking alcohol for 48 hours prior to the date of the study. Participants were given a breath alcohol measurement prior to the study to confirm adherence to the criteria.

Procedures
Half (20) of the subjects were randomly assigned to group “A” and received 2 ounces of vodka mixed in gingerale during the study. The remaining subjects were assigned to group “B” and received non-alcoholic gingerale.

Both groups heard a ten-minute lecture on difficult subjects such as astro-physics, Boolean algebra, or nuclear thermodynamics. The groups were then told to consume their beverages and were instructed that they would have twenty minutes before giving a 2-3 minute speech in front of a college auditorium of 200 students regarding the topic they heard earlier.

A breath measurement was given prior to the subject performing their speech to record the level of alcohol per subject. Regardless of the level reported in the breath measurement, half of each respective group was told that their breath alcohol measured at .08 and the researcher made the statement “pretty high” to the subject. The other half of both group A & B were told that their breath alcohol measured .01 and a statement was made by the researcher of “pretty low”, irregardless of the level actually reported in the breath measurement.

A version of the Personal Report of Communication Apprehension was utilized to measure the anxiety level after the beverage consumption but before the speech was to be given to all participants. This scale measured a series of self-report statements to indicate the level of anxiety on a Likert scale of 1 to 5.

Data from the Personal Report of Communicating Apprehension was collected and used to form a 2 X 2 factorial design to show the difference in the level of self reported anxiety as it relates to the alcohol consumption or the belief in the consumption of alcohol.

Results
There were two groups in this study, group A having received alcohol during the course of the study and group B having received no alcohol. Half of each group was then informed that their breath measurement was either of a high level and the other half of the group was informed of a low level regardless of the actual measurement. This was used to trigger a cognitive thought in the subject for the purpose of measuring the cognitive differences in the results. The results were analyzed with analysis of variance (ANOVA) in a 2 X 2 factorial design.

There was a significant effect on the anxiety reported [F(1,36)=32.082, p<.0001] in the self-statements between the high expectant alcohol and low expectant alcohol subjects. This reduction of the level of anxiety was shown to reduce within both groups with the high expectation of alcohol. There was no significant effect [F(1,36)=1.444,p=.237] between the groups of low expectation of alcohol amongst both groups. As the level of perceived alcohol increased there was a reduction in the level of anxiety reported by the self-statements.

There was a significant effect on the negative thoughts reported [F(1,36)=27.563, p<.0001] in the self-statements between the high expectant alcohol and low expectant alcohol subjects. This reduction of the level of negative thoughts was shown to reduce within both groups with the high expectation of alcohol. There was no significant effect [F(1,36)=0.363,p=.551] between the groups of low expectation of alcohol amongst both groups. As the level of perceived alcohol increased there was a reduction in the level of negative thoughts reported by the self-statements.

There was not a significant effect on the expectation of success reported [F(1,36)=9.765, p=.004] in the self-statements between the high expectant alcohol and low expectant alcohol subjects. This expectation of success was shown to have no significant change with the low expectation group and even increase in the low expectation group although the effect was not significant between the two groups [F(1,36)=1.794,p=.189]. As the level of perceived alcohol increased there was no reduction in the level of the success expected.

There was a significant effect on the perceived audience judgement reported [F(1,36)=52.684, p<.0001] in the self-statements between the high expectant alcohol and low expectant alcohol subjects. This reduction of the level of perceived audience judgement was shown to reduce within both groups with the high expectation of alcohol. There was a significant effect [F(1,36)=3.682,p=.063] in the groups of low expectation of alcohol amongst both groups. As the level of perceived alcohol increased there was a reduction in the level of perceived audience judgement reported by the self-statements.

There was a significant effect on the statements of avoidance reported [F(1,36)=91.353, p<.0001] in the self-statements between the high expectant alcohol and low expectant alcohol subjects. This reduction of the level of avoidance was shown to reduce within both groups with the high expectation of alcohol. There was no significant effect [F(1,36)=0.180,p=.674] between the groups of low expectation of alcohol amongst both groups. As the level of perceived alcohol increased there was a reduction in the level of avoidance reported by the self-statements.

Discussion
The hypothesis that the level of anxiety would be lower in subjects told of higher breath alcohol content would be lower than those told of lower breath alcohol content was confirmed by the data. The levels of self reported anxiety, negative thoughts, audience judgement and avoidance were significantly lower with just the perception of having received a significant amount of alcohol. The levels of expected success were still not significantly reduced demonstrating the true level of anxiety that would not be cognitively overcome by the use of alcohol.

The use of alcohol on the reduction of stress is probably not all that useful and could be harmful. The implication of the study finds that the reinforcement of the belief of any means of reducing stress and anxiety is dealt with on a cognitive level. This means of coping with the anxiety by the perceptions of outside forces controlling the internal conflicts is in the cognitive belief of the person. The actual use of alcohol does show an effect, but the belief by the person that it will does show an effect.
The criteria used in this study could have been more extensive with the participation of additional subjects. The use of more elaborate testing and screening criteria to establish a better more defined set of speech anxiety suffers. The relationship of the use and belief of alcohol throughout the subject’s history would be of further study.

Further studies would benefit from extended classification of the analysis of the cognitive thoughts and perceptions measured in this study. The potential to investigate the cognitive effect of not only alcohol as a coping strategy but other common coping mechanisms as well such as food, sex, drugs, and music would be of tremendous interest. The need to understand the thought processes and feedback possibly available to those who suffer from speech anxiety would be beneficial.

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To begin with, animals in testing and research are strictly controlled to any pain the animal may have. According to fbresearch.com, the Public Heath Service Act, Federal laws, and Animal Welfare act controls the removal of pain.” Moreover, each institution must make an animal care and use committee that involves a veterinarian and an outside member of the public to make sure that the testing is moving smoothly. This committee inspects the every move of the scientists in the laboratories the help ensure the animals are in good care. The scientists advocate the highest amount of animal care for two main reasons. First, according to fbresearch.com, “the use of animal research is a privilege and those animals that are helping us to find the cures for the diseases deserve our respect and the best possible care.” In addition, “second, a well- treated animal will provide more reliable results.” This is the main goal for all researchers.

Next, while testing on animals in laboratories, animals’ rights are still protected. The use of animal research is a privilege so animal must be protected and not abused. Nearly every major advance in medicine of the 20th century has depended largely on research with animals. According to fbresearch.com, “research in animals will hopefully someday help scientists find the cure for diseases like Alzheimer’s, AIDS, and cancer”. Animals are also good for researching because in the past humans have been under the study. This is also why animals are good to test on.

Finally, the number of animals under study has decreased in the past 20-25 years. The highest results for the reduction of animal research ranges from 20% - 50%. This decline in study is surprisingly striking when comparing species together. For example, the best government estimates say that the number of cats used in research has dropped 66% since 1967. This is a great number to scientists everywhere. This also means that even though animals are still being tested, not as many are since this all started. Therefore, it is equal for people who do want animal testing and people who do not because it is right in the middle.

In conclusion, animal testing is the right way to test products. The fact is animal testing somewhat effects animal but it does not effect humans. In addition, animals under the study and research in laboratories are not in pain. Next, the animals’ rights are not harmed when in examination. Lastly, the number of animals during exploration has decreased a huge amount since it started. Animal laboratory testing is the right circumstance to test products to cure diseases for all living things on Earth.

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In “The White House Review of Affirmative Action,” the advocates of affirmative action show their reasons to support it. First of all, affirmative action offers equal opportunity to all the American citizens, especially those who belong to minority groups. In this argument, it is assumed that inequality of opportunity does exist in todayбпs society because of race and gender. Since “offering every American a fair chance to achieve success is a central tenet of our constitutional and political systemбнis a bedrock value in our culture” and is the fundamental goal of the civil rights statute,” affirmative action, whose main function is to create equal opportunity, is very important for not only the success of the individuals, but also the ideal quality of our nation and culture. To support this premise, two reasons are listed to prove the importance of affirmative in creating equal opportunity. The first reason is that it reduces the problem of discrimination. At this point, discrimination is assumed as unfair consideration and treatment that mostly happens to minorities when they are facing job or education opportunities. Except in the case for reducing discrimination to create equal opportunity, affirmative action also expands opportunity by promoting inclusion of underrepresented minorities.

Another premise to support affirmative action is that it is consistent with merit. One of the basic principles of affirmative action is that the basic decision must be made upon the ability of the person, not his or her gender or race. Therefore, it is fair to those who belong to majority. Since Affirmative action creates more equal opportunities for minorities by remediation of discrimination and promoting inclusion, and it does not unfairly burden majorities, conclusively, it is a very effective and important tool in creating equality in our society.

In contrast, the opponents of affirmative action think that it is counterproductive. In his argument “Affirmative Action: A Counter-Productive Policy,” Ernest Pasour shows his view as an opponent of affirmative action. He shows five premises to support this conclusion. First of all, affirmative action promotes the hiring of less qualified workers. This reason is based on his assumption that usually the people in majority are more skilled than those in minority. Second, affirmative action lowers the standard of college education. An example is that “only 40 percent of the [students] entering class in 1988 were selected solely on the basis of academic merit” because of affirmative action. The third reason points out that affirmative action causes reverse discrimination. Pasour assumes that today most blacks born after the Civil Rights Act of 1964 have suffered little or no prejudice. Therefore, racial discrimination rarely exists in todayбпs society. The special consideration to those who are not under prejudice causes the discrimination against majorities. At this point, his assumption for discrimination is that, today, discrimination is not mainly racism, but that qualified majorities are treated unfairly because their opportunities are given to unqualified minorities. The fourth reason is that those minorities who receive their positions because of their ability are unfairly considered the beneficiaries of affirmative action. The last reason says that affirmative action increases the racial tensions between majority race and minority race. In his argument, Pasourбпs assumption for the definition of fairness is to give each person the absolutely equal opportunity based on his or her ability, regardless of race or gender. Since affirmative action cannot give each person the equal opportunity absolutely based on his or her ability, it is not fair. Since the original purpose of affirmative action is to create fairness, it is counterproductive.

There are three points of conflict between these two views. First of all, their assumptions for the current situation of racial discrimination are totally different.

The proponents of affirmative action point out that a lot of racial discrimination evidently exists in todayбпs American society. Therefore, affirmative action is necessary as a tool to reduce this discrimination. However, its opponents think that affirmative action is “a way of making up for past discrimination” because today racial prejudice rarely exists. Therefore, affirmative action is not necessary. Another point of conflict is that they have different definitions of discrimination. In the ideas of the proponents of affirmative action, the discrimination is basically racial discrimination, while the opponents of affirmative action define discrimination as unfairness against qualified majorities because of preferential treatment to unqualified minorities. To affirmative action itself, the two sides also have a point of conflict. Proponents of affirmative action show that affirmative action is based on the principle that “no unqualified person can be preferred over another qualified person.” However, the basic assumption of the opponents of affirmative action is that it makes the decision on the basis of race and gender instead of the qualification of the person. Since the standard of decision-making is the basis of their argument, it is also their main source of disagreement.

Affirmative action, when it is done right, is a positive policy that will effectively create more equal opportunities for the groups under a situation of being prejudiced. However, if it is used to give the unqualified person a chance to take over the qualified person, its original principle of creating equality is totally distorted. Therefore, affirmative action should be a program to detect fairness in the employment and education system and at the same time give some benefits to the groups being prejudiced. For example, when the employers are hiring the employees, affirmative action should force the employers to list their requirements clearly and openly for all the employees. The qualified people should have absolute priority over the unqualified people. If both a person belonging to majority and a person belonging to minority are qualified for this job, the employer should give more consideration to the one in minority. The college admission system should be conducted the same way. Therefore, based on qualification, the qualified person is not taken over by the unqualified person, and at the same time discrimination against minorities is prevented.

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The poem begins with the poet in the medical room of his boarding school, awaiting his neighbours to arrive to take him home. When he arrives home he sees his father is crying, this can only mean one thing, someone has died. There are also some friends and relatives in the house and he feels uncomfortable and a little embarrassed because grown men are shaking his hand. His mother has “cried all she can cry” and she takes his hand. The next day he looks at the body, near the end of the poem the poet reveals that he was killed by a car accident and right at the end we find the he was only four.

The poet conveys his feelings of sadness about the desth of his little brother by his skilful use of word choice. An example of this is “cot” which emphasises how young he was and “a four foot box”, to tell us just how small he really was. I think this works very well because it gives the reader a clear idea of what its really like.

Another technique that the poet uses to convey his sadness is imagery. He uses words such as “snowdrops” which gives you an image of innocence and of new life. Another word he uses is “poppy” which conveys another image of red, of a violent death. This technique worked extremely well with me.

The poet also uses the versification to convey his sadness by using three lines in each verse and then only one in the last “a four box a foot for every year”. He cuts it short to reinforce the fact that his brother’s life has also been cut short. I like the way he did this and I thought it was a good tribute to his late brother.

In conclusion therefore ”Mid-Term Break” by Seamus Heany is a poem which is structured very well and the poet uses, which I thought was excellent, word choice. He also created great imagery using words to convey his sadness. Another method he used to convey his great sadness was versification, which I thought, worked extremely well. In all I thought it was a very good poem from a great poet.

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One summer Harry woke up and went down stairs for breakfast. He lived with his uncle Vernon, aunt Petunia and his cousin Dudley. Harry hated the summer because he had to stay with his aunt, uncle and cousin. That morning uncle Vernon told him that aunt Marge was coming for a week. Harry was soon sent a letter from Hogwarts. There was a permission slip to go to the village. Uncle Vernon agreed to sign it if he did every thing as he was told. For most of the week Harry was doing as he was told, until he got mad at aunt Marge and he used magic to blow her up. Harry quickly took his school stuff and run out of the house. This is how his school year began.

During the year Harry’s broom stick was broken and he had to ride a slow broomstick in the quidditch matches (a sport played by wizards on brooms). When Christmas came, Harry was sent a Firebolt, the fastest broom ever invented. Hermiony, one of Harry’s friends, was worried and told professor McGonagall about the broom that he was given. The Professor took the Firebolt from Harry and started to check for curses or jinxes on the broom. It was a long time before Harry got his broom back.

The prisoner of Azkaban (Sirus Black) escaped from prison to protect Harry from Voldemort (the dark wizard). Harry’s first encounter with Sirus Black was in the Gryffindor dormitory, when Sirus was looking for Voldemort’s helper. Ron saw Sirus and thought that he was going to kill him with a knife. Later Harry and his friends went through many adventures. They saved Sirus’s life and later Sirus saved Harry’s life.

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